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ความเห็นเพิ่มเติมที่ 1 5 ก.ค. 2547 (21:54)
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ความเห็นเพิ่มเติมที่ 2 6 ก.ค. 2547 (00:28)
Pediatr Rehabil. 2004 Apr-Jun;7(2):73-8.

Autism: research into causes and intervention.

Baron-Cohen S.

Autism Research Centre Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry University of Cambridge Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Cambridge CB2 2AH UK

Autism spectrum conditions are neuro-developmental syndromes with strong heritability. Cognitive theories have had some success in explaining why the cluster of features should co-occur. Empathizing deficits have the potential to make sense of one triad of impairments (social difficulties, communication difficulties and imagining others\' minds), and may have a brain basis in the amygdala and left medial frontal cortex. A strong systemizing drive may account for a distinct triad of strengths (good attention to detail, deep, narrow interests and islets of ability). The brain basis of systemizing is yet to be understood. Family genetics studies suggest that these same cognitive dimensions (reduced empathizing alongside a strong drive to systemize) may also characterize the \'broader phenotype\' among first-degree relatives. Molecular genetic studies are underway and any candidate genes for autism will ultimately need to be tested in relation to the observed differences in the brain, cognition and behaviour. The ethics of genetic screening or gene therapy should be thought about well ahead of these becoming available, since there is by no means any consensus that these would be desirable given the wide range of phenotypic traits, not all of which are disabling. Future research will need to focus on evaluating the extent to which any form of intervention reduces the triad of impairments whilst supporting the triad of strengths.


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ความเห็นเพิ่มเติมที่ 3 10 ก.ค. 2547 (23:52)
Over the past 10 years, high-tech research methods have begun to reveal neurological damage in some autistic individuals. One of the most important findings indicates specific damage in the limbic system, particularly in the amygdala and hippocampus. Much of this research has been conducted by Dr. Margaret Bauman, (Dept. of Neurology, Harvard Medical School), and Dr. Thomas Kemper, (Depts. of Neurology, Anatomy, and Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine). They report densely packed neurons in the amygdala and hippocampus of persons with autism. Additionally, they note that these neurons are smaller than in normal persons. At this time, we do not know what causes neurological damage in these areas; however, the damage appears to occur during the prenatal stage of development.

Can damage in the amygdala and hippocampus explain some of the behaviors exhibited by autistic children and adults? We can only speculate at present, but it is interesting to theorize about the possible connections between damage in the limbic system and the characteristic traits of many autistic people. Much of what we know of the behaviors associated with the amygdala and hippocampus are based on animal research. In these studies, researchers either surgically damage or remove a specific area in the brain and then observe any changes in the animal’s behavior.

The amygdala, (which means “almond-shaped”), controls our aggression and emotions. Many autistic individuals are aggressive towards themselves or others, or conversely, extremely passive. Furthermore, autistic children and adults often appear emotionless or ‘flat’ (even though they obviously do have emotions). Experimenters have also shown that when the amygdala is removed or damaged, animals exhibit behaviors similar to autistic individuals, such as social withdrawal, compulsive behaviors, failure to learn about dangerous situations, difficulty retrieving information from memory, and difficulty adjusting to novel events or situations. In addition, the amygdala is responsive to a variety of sensory stimuli, such as sounds, sights, and smells; as well as emotionally or fear-related stimuli. We know that autistic individuals often have problems with each of these senses. Interestingly, Georgie, whose childhood was described in her mother’s book, The Sound of a Miracle, often mentioned being afraid of many sounds prior to receiving auditory integration training from Dr. Guy Berard.

The hippocampus, (shaped like a “sea horse”) appears to be primarily responsible for learning and memory. Damage or removal of the hippocampus will lead to an inability to store new information into memory. This sounds similar to Dr. Bernard Rimland\'s cognitive theory of autism. In his 1964 award-winning book Infantile Autism, Dr. Rimland theorized that autistic children had difficulty relating new information to previously stored information. In addition, when the hippocampus is damaged or removed, animals will display stereotypic, self-stimulatory behaviors and hyperactivity.

Although one can easily speculate about a relationship between the limbic system and autistic behaviors, we should be conservative, because much of what we know comes from animal models in which the parts of the limbic system are damaged artificially. We need to be cautious in extrapolating these findings to autistic individuals. However, the correspondence between behaviors seen in autism and what we know of the limbic system is compelling.


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ความเห็นเพิ่มเติมที่ 4 22 ก.ค. 2547 (11:25)
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ความเห็นเพิ่มเติมที่ 5 4 มี.ค. 2548 (14:44)
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ความเห็นเพิ่มเติมที่ 6 8 มี.ค. 2548 (18:48)
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ความเห็นเพิ่มเติมที่ 7 11 ก.ค. 2550 (13:50)
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